{"id":5369,"date":"2019-11-08T11:08:36","date_gmt":"2019-11-08T14:08:36","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/bonettiassociados.com.br\/?p=5369"},"modified":"2019-11-08T11:08:36","modified_gmt":"2019-11-08T14:08:36","slug":"a-reforma-tributaria-que-o-brasil-precisa-parte-i","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/bonettiassociados.com.br\/index.php\/2019\/11\/08\/a-reforma-tributaria-que-o-brasil-precisa-parte-i\/","title":{"rendered":"A REFORMA TRIBUT\u00c1RIA QUE O BRASIL PRECISA &#8211; PARTE I"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Tanto a C\u00e2mara quanto o Senado t\u00eam se debru\u00e7ado sobre projetos de reforma tribut\u00e1ria que se limitam \u00e0 tributa\u00e7\u00e3o do consumo. Prop\u00f5e-se criar Imposto sobre Bens e Servi\u00e7os (IBS) e Imposto Seletivo (IS), este \u00faltimo para desestimular o consumo de itens geradores de \u201cexternalidades negativas\u201d. O momento pol\u00edtico do pa\u00eds, no entanto, \u00e9 singular, pois o at\u00e9 ent\u00e3o consenso quanto \u00e0 necessidade de mudan\u00e7as se tornou condi\u00e7\u00e3o necess\u00e1ria para a supera\u00e7\u00e3o do cen\u00e1rio de desacelera\u00e7\u00e3o persistente, a exigir que v\u00e1rias inconsist\u00eancias sejam eliminadas. Diante dessa oportunidade \u00fanica, remodelar apenas os gravames sobre o consumo n\u00e3o \u00e9 suficiente. O esfor\u00e7o inerente \u00e0 aprova\u00e7\u00e3o de emenda constitucional deve ser melhor aproveitado no bojo de reforma ampla, que solucione, na maior extens\u00e3o poss\u00edvel, os in\u00fameros problemas do sistema tribut\u00e1rio.<\/span><!--more--><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Esta s\u00e9rie de artigos refere-se \u00e0quilo que o Brasil precisa a t\u00edtulo de reforma tribut\u00e1ria. Nesta primeira parte, ser\u00e3o tecidas considera\u00e7\u00f5es sobre as premissas equivocadas da PEC 45\/2019 e da PEC 110\/2019, principais projetos em discuss\u00e3o. Na segunda parte, o que se examinar\u00e1 \u00e9 se e como seria poss\u00edvel introduzir-se em nosso pa\u00eds um IVA dual como o aventado no Substitutivo \u00e0 PEC 110\/2019 apresentado pela CCJ do Senado. E, na terceira parte, ser\u00e3o apontadas quest\u00f5es a serem enfrentadas em sede de reforma constitucional ampla do sistema tribut\u00e1rio.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Pois bem, por que dizer n\u00e3o \u00e0s principais propostas em discuss\u00e3o?<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">O mito da al\u00edquota \u00fanica<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Um dos pilares de sustenta\u00e7\u00e3o das propostas discutidas, sobretudo da PEC 45\/2019 (C\u00e2mara), \u00e9 a ideia de que tributar o consumo via al\u00edquota \u00fanica para todos os bens e servi\u00e7os seria mais justo, na linha de suposta pr\u00e1tica internacional. Tal afirma\u00e7\u00e3o n\u00e3o \u00e9 correta. Dados da Organiza\u00e7\u00e3o para Coopera\u00e7\u00e3o e Desenvolvimento Econ\u00f4mico (OCDE) mostram que a maioria dos pa\u00edses tributa o consumo com duas ou mais al\u00edquotas, havendo, ainda, desonera\u00e7\u00e3o total para itens essenciais, como alimentos b\u00e1sicos, sa\u00fade e educa\u00e7\u00e3o[1]-[2]. De 169 pa\u00edses pesquisados, 154 encampam esse modelo, isto \u00e9, 91%. E, dos 36 membros da OCDE, 34 tamb\u00e9m o fazem, o que equivale a 94% do mundo desenvolvido. Apenas Chile e Jap\u00e3o t\u00eam al\u00edquotas \u00fanicas. Diante desses n\u00fameros, pergunta-se: a que \u201cpr\u00e1tica internacional\u201d os defensores da al\u00edquota \u00fanica se referem?<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Portanto, a al\u00edquota \u00fanica n\u00e3o reflete a pr\u00e1tica internacional. E isso se explica. A tributa\u00e7\u00e3o sobre o consumo \u00e9 regressiva por natureza. Somente faixas de al\u00edquotas em n\u00famero razo\u00e1vel (tr\u00eas, por exemplo) permitem minimizar esse problema, evitando iniquidades \u00f3bvias, como a incid\u00eancia do mesmo percentual sobre itens da cesta b\u00e1sica e joias. Assim, \u00e9 recomend\u00e1vel abandonar-se a ideia de al\u00edquota \u00fanica e concentrar o debate na defini\u00e7\u00e3o de faixas razo\u00e1veis de tributa\u00e7\u00e3o. A escolha dever\u00e1 considerar, de um lado, as necessidades arrecadat\u00f3rias dos entes tributantes e, de outro, as peculiaridades econ\u00f4micas de cada setor, al\u00e9m, \u00e9 claro, do imperativo de desonerar itens essenciais, sob pena de preju\u00edzo \u00e0s popula\u00e7\u00f5es carentes.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Note-se, a prop\u00f3sito, que, por ser regressiva, a al\u00edquota \u00fanica n\u00e3o se compatibiliza com mandamentos nucleares do sistema constitucional tribut\u00e1rio em vigor, como o da isonomia. Afinal, isso faz com que consumidores com perfis de consumo e disponibilidades econ\u00f4micas distintas sejam tributados na mesma intensidade, o que tamb\u00e9m contraria o princ\u00edpio da capacidade contributiva.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Sobre o que acima se disse, o quadro 1, elaborado a partir de dados do IBGE do bi\u00eanio 2017-2018, mostra que, considerando o rendimento m\u00e9dio mensal das fam\u00edlias brasileiras (R$ 3.764,51), as despesas com habita\u00e7\u00e3o, alimenta\u00e7\u00e3o, transporte e sa\u00fade correspondem a 80% de seus ganhos. Tal constata\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 surpreendente, pois mostra que as reformas discutidas, especialmente a da PEC 45\/2019 (al\u00edquota \u00fanica), causar\u00e3o eleva\u00e7\u00e3o substancial de carga tribut\u00e1ria para tais itens. Alimentos b\u00e1sicos deixar\u00e3o de ser desonerados. Sa\u00fade, educa\u00e7\u00e3o e transporte tamb\u00e9m ser\u00e3o altamente tributados. \u00c9 o que se verifica dos quadros 2 a 5 abaixo.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-5370 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/bonettiassociados.com.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/08nov2019-1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"881\" height=\"598\" srcset=\"http:\/\/bonettiassociados.com.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/08nov2019-1.png 881w, http:\/\/bonettiassociados.com.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/08nov2019-1-300x204.png 300w, http:\/\/bonettiassociados.com.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/08nov2019-1-768x521.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 881px) 100vw, 881px\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Quadro 1<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 774px;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 764px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; text-align: center;\" colspan=\"6\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong>Tributa\u00e7\u00e3o sobre o consumo para servi\u00e7os prestados por profissional aut\u00f4nomo<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong>(Pessoa f\u00edsica \u2013 Profiss\u00e3o n\u00e3o regulamentada)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong>Faturamento anual de R$ 500.000,00 (quinhentos mil reais)<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 764px; border-color: #000000; border-style: solid; text-align: center;\" colspan=\"6\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><u>Aumento de al\u00edquota: 470%<\/u><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 224px; border-color: #000000; border-style: solid; text-align: center;\" colspan=\"3\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong>Regime atual<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 534px; border-color: #000000; border-style: solid; text-align: center;\" colspan=\"3\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong>Regime da PEC 45\/2019<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 62px; border-color: #000000; border-style: solid; text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong>Tributo<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 71px; border-color: #000000; border-style: solid; text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong>Al\u00edquota<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 79px; border-color: #000000; border-style: solid; text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong>Total devido<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 67px; border-color: #000000; border-style: solid; text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong>Tributo<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 76px; border-color: #000000; border-style: solid; text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong>Al\u00edquota<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 379px; border-color: #000000; border-style: solid; text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong>Total devido<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 62px; border-color: #000000; border-style: solid; text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong>ISS<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 71px; border-color: #000000; border-style: solid; text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">4,38%*<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 79px; border-color: #000000; border-style: solid; text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">R$ 21.900<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 67px; border-color: #000000; border-style: solid; text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong>IBS<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 76px; border-color: #000000; border-style: solid; text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">25%<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 379px; border-color: #000000; border-style: solid; text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">R$ 125.000<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Quadro 2 &#8211; * 4,38% \u00e9 a m\u00e9dia do ISS nas capitais brasileiras, cf. estudo do Instituto ENDEAVOR em parceria com a Ernst &amp; Young.<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 782px;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; width: 772px; text-align: center;\" colspan=\"6\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong>Escola particular no lucro presumido<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Dados:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">420 alunos (12 turmas de 35 alunos)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Mensalidade: R$ 1.200,00<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Faturamento anual: R$ 6.048.000<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; width: 772px; text-align: center;\" colspan=\"6\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><u>Aumento de al\u00edquota: 211%<\/u><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; width: 261px; text-align: center;\" colspan=\"3\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong>Regime atual<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; width: 505px; text-align: center;\" colspan=\"3\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong>Regime da PEC 45\/2019<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; width: 63px; text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong>Tributo<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; width: 86px; text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong>Al\u00edquota<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; width: 100px; text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong>Total devido<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; width: 67px; text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong>Tributo<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; width: 75px; text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong>Al\u00edquota<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; width: 351px; text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong>Total devido<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; width: 63px; text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">PIS<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; width: 86px; text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">0,65%<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; width: 100px; text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">R$ 39.312<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; width: 67px; text-align: center;\" rowspan=\"3\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">IBS<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; width: 75px; text-align: center;\" rowspan=\"3\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">25%<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; width: 351px; text-align: center;\" rowspan=\"3\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">R$ 1.512.000<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; width: 63px; text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Cofins<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; width: 86px; text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">3%<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; width: 100px; text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">R$ 181.440<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; width: 63px; text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">ISS<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; width: 86px; text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">4,38%*<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; width: 100px; text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">R$ 264.902,40<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; width: 63px; text-align: center;\" rowspan=\"2\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; width: 86px; text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Total<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; width: 100px; text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">R$ 485.654,4<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 67px; text-align: center;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 75px; text-align: center;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 351px; text-align: center;\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; width: 86px; text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Al\u00edquota total<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; width: 100px; text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">8,03%<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 67px; text-align: center;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 75px; text-align: center;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 351px; text-align: center;\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Quadro 3 &#8211; * 4,38% \u00e9 a m\u00e9dia do ISS nas capitais brasileiras, cf. estudo do Instituto ENDEAVOR em parceria com a Ernst &amp; Young.<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 785px;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; width: 775px; text-align: center;\" colspan=\"6\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong>Tributa\u00e7\u00e3o sobre o consumo incidente sobre taxista aut\u00f4nomo<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Dados:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">SP: R$ 4,50 (bandeirada) + R$ 2,75\/KM (Portaria\/SMT\/SP 171\/16)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Trajeto: Igreja N. Sra. do Brasil &#8211; Terminal 2\/GRU (30KM) = R$ 87,00<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Opera\u00e7\u00e3o di\u00e1ria: 5x o trajeto acima = R$ 435,00<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Opera\u00e7\u00e3o mensal (22 dias trabalhados) = R$ 9.570,00<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; width: 775px; text-align: center;\" colspan=\"6\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><u>Aumento de al\u00edquota: 1150%<\/u><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; width: 253px; text-align: center;\" colspan=\"3\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong>Regime atual<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; width: 516px; text-align: center;\" colspan=\"3\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong>Regime da PEC 45\/2019<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; width: 66px; text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong>Tributo<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; width: 75px; text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong>Al\u00edquota<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; width: 100px; text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong>Total devido<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; width: 67px; text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong>Tributo<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; width: 75px; text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong>Al\u00edquota<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; width: 362px; text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong>Total devido<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; width: 66px; text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">ISS<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; width: 75px; text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">2%<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; width: 100px; text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">R$ 191,10<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; width: 67px; text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">IBS<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; width: 75px; text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">25%<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; width: 362px; text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">R$ 2.392,50<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Quadro 4<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 769px;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 759px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; text-align: center;\" colspan=\"6\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong>Empresa de transporte intermunicipal (regime cumulativo)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><u>Dados<\/u>:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Rota: S\u00e3o Paulo \u2013 Barretos<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Valor do bilhete: R$ 117,80<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Bilhetes por dia: 720<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Opera\u00e7\u00e3o da rota: R$ 84.816 (1 dia) \u2013 R$ 2.544.480 (30 dias)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Faturamento anual da rota: R$ 30.533.760<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 759px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; text-align: center;\" colspan=\"6\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><u>Aumento de al\u00edquota: 59,74%<\/u><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 277px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; text-align: center;\" colspan=\"3\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong>Regime atual<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 476px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; text-align: center;\" colspan=\"3\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong>Regime da PEC 45\/2019<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 66px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong>Tributo<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 97px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong>Al\u00edquota<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 102px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong>Total devido<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 67px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong>Tributo<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 75px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong>Al\u00edquota<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 322px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong>Total devido<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 66px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">PIS<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 97px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">0,65%<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 102px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">R$ 22.969,44<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 67px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; text-align: center;\" rowspan=\"3\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">IBS<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 75px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; text-align: center;\" rowspan=\"3\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">25%<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 322px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; text-align: center;\" rowspan=\"3\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">R$ 7.633.440<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 66px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Cofins<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 97px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">3%<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 102px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">R$ 916.012<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 66px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">ICMS<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 97px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">12%*<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 102px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">R$ 3.664.051<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 66px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; text-align: center;\" rowspan=\"2\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 97px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Total<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 102px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">R$ 4.778.533<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 67px; text-align: center;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 75px; text-align: center;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 322px; text-align: center;\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 97px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Al\u00edquota total<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 102px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">15,65%<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 67px; text-align: center;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 75px; text-align: center;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 322px; text-align: center;\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Quadro 5<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">O problema federativo<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Outro pilar das propostas discutidas \u00e9 a fus\u00e3o dos atuais ICMS, IPI, ISS, PIS e Cofins na forma de imposto \u00fanico sobre bens e servi\u00e7os. A hip\u00f3tese n\u00e3o \u00e9 absurda sob a \u00f3tica econ\u00f4mica, mas esbarra na proibi\u00e7\u00e3o a emendas constitucionais que reduzam a autonomia dos entes federativos. Afinal, ela concentra 41,5% das verbas tribut\u00e1rias da Uni\u00e3o (IPI\/PIS\/Cofins)[3], 88% das receitas dos estados (ICMS) [4] e 43% da arrecada\u00e7\u00e3o municipal (ISS)[5] em um s\u00f3 tributo, que, nos termos da PEC 45\/2019, ficar\u00e1 nas m\u00e3os da Uni\u00e3o. J\u00e1 na f\u00f3rmula da PEC 110\/2019, o tributo ficar\u00e1 sob o poder de um comit\u00ea gestor integrado apenas pelos estados, sem participa\u00e7\u00e3o da Uni\u00e3o e sem regras de partilha, representatividade e lideran\u00e7a definidas. Aqui, a grande quest\u00e3o \u00e9 de praticabilidade e viabilidade pol\u00edtica. Imagine-se como ele funcionaria na pr\u00e1tica, sem que a Uni\u00e3o, de alguma forma, mediasse os interesses envolvidos.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Se a fus\u00e3o do IPI, PIS e Cofins com o ICMS e o ISS esbarra em problema federativo[6]-[7], nada impede (e at\u00e9 se recomenda) que haja a unifica\u00e7\u00e3o dos tributos federais sobre o consumo (IPI, PIS, Cofins) entre si, de um lado, e do IRPJ e CSSL, de outro. Os primeiros incidem sobre bases econ\u00f4micas semelhantes e que, em ess\u00eancia, equivalem ao faturamento das pessoas jur\u00eddicas. Da mesma forma, os \u00faltimos gravam o lucro das empresas. Em ambos os casos, h\u00e1 superposi\u00e7\u00e3o de obriga\u00e7\u00f5es acess\u00f3rias que cria custos desnecess\u00e1rios para o contribuinte. As unifica\u00e7\u00f5es aventadas s\u00e3o op\u00e7\u00f5es vantajosas para racionaliza\u00e7\u00e3o e redu\u00e7\u00e3o de complexidade do sistema. Afinal, dados do Banco Mundial mostram que os contribuintes brasileiros perdem, em m\u00e9dia, 1.950 horas por ano para cumprir obriga\u00e7\u00f5es fiscais. Isso \u00e9 mais que 12 vezes a m\u00e9dia dos pa\u00edses da OCDE e quase seis vezes a m\u00e9dia de nossos vizinhos da Am\u00e9rica Latina (330 horas\/ano)[8].<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">De outro lado, tamb\u00e9m n\u00e3o h\u00e1 \u00f3bice federativo para que se promovam reestrutura\u00e7\u00f5es que envolvam a tributa\u00e7\u00e3o estadual e municipal sobre o consumo. Pode-se pensar, inclusive, em transferir aos estados parte da compet\u00eancia para a tributa\u00e7\u00e3o dos servi\u00e7os hoje detida pelos munic\u00edpios, desde que se preserve a autonomia destes para gravar servi\u00e7os de interesse prevalentemente local e para fazer pol\u00edtica fiscal[9].<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">A aus\u00eancia de limites \u00e0 institui\u00e7\u00e3o do Imposto Seletivo (IS)<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Outro aspecto comum e controverso das propostas em debate \u00e9 que, al\u00e9m da cria\u00e7\u00e3o do IBS, tamb\u00e9m se pretende introduzir Imposto Seletivo, sob a justificativa de que determinados itens (por exemplo, cigarros e bebidas) devam sofrer tributa\u00e7\u00e3o adicional. A esse respeito, as maiores preocupa\u00e7\u00f5es residem na PEC 45\/2019, cujos termos n\u00e3o fornecem limites conceituais claros, como fato gerador, base de c\u00e1lculo, contribuintes, nem par\u00e2metros de elegibilidade dos setores e produtos a serem atingidos. J\u00e1 a PEC 110\/2019 indica quais itens poder\u00e3o ser gravados (petr\u00f3leo, combust\u00edveis, energia, telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es etc.). Curiosamente, em sua justifica\u00e7\u00e3o, a PEC 110\/2019 afirma que caber\u00e1 \u00e0 lei complementar definir \u201cquais os produtos e servi\u00e7os estar\u00e3o inclu\u00eddos\u201d no Seletivo e que \u201csobre os demais produtos incidir\u00e1 o IBS\u201d, embora n\u00e3o haja nas normas do projeto nenhum elemento que garanta essa estrutura. Enfim, ao que tudo indica, em ambas as PECs a Uni\u00e3o poder\u00e1 exigir Imposto Seletivo sobre bases id\u00eanticas \u00e0s do IBS.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">A prop\u00f3sito da PEC 45\/2019, note-se que a maioria absoluta dos bens e servi\u00e7os em circula\u00e7\u00e3o geram \u201cexternalidades negativas\u201d em alguma medida. \u00c1lcool e fumo s\u00e3o os exemplos mais elementares, da\u00ed terem sido citados nas propostas discutidas. Por\u00e9m, o mesmo crit\u00e9rio poderia ser adotado para justificar exig\u00eancias adicionais sobre grande n\u00famero de atividades e setores, muitos deles estrat\u00e9gicos, como energia el\u00e9trica.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">O que acima se disse mostra que \u00e9 fundamental definir o escopo do Imposto Seletivo, segundo o crit\u00e9rio da essencialidade, exigindo-se lei complementar para indicar itens pass\u00edveis de sua incid\u00eancia, al\u00e9m de delimitar o fato gerador e a forma de c\u00e1lculo do tributo. Ainda, sua arrecada\u00e7\u00e3o dever\u00e1 ser partilhada com os demais entes, como ocorre com outros impostos federais.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Conclus\u00e3o<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Diante da inadequa\u00e7\u00e3o das propostas acima referidas, seja pelo car\u00e1ter regressivo, desigual e antifederativo do IBS nelas previsto, seja pela aus\u00eancia de contornos satisfat\u00f3rios para o Imposto Seletivo, \u00e9 preciso pensar em solu\u00e7\u00f5es alternativas, para compatibilizar a necessidade de reforma com as diversas limita\u00e7\u00f5es constitucionais e f\u00e1ticas (pol\u00edtico-econ\u00f4micas) incidentes. Esse tema ser\u00e1 examinado na Parte II desta s\u00e9rie de artigos, a ser publicada nos pr\u00f3ximos dias.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">[1] Cf. OECD \u2013 Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. VAT\/GST: standard and any reduced rates (2019). Dispon\u00edvel em: http:\/\/www.oecd.org\/tax\/tax-policy\/tax-database\/ .<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">[2] Cf. OECD \u2013 Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. Consumption Tax Trends 2018: VAT\/GST and Excise Rates, Trends and Policy Issues. Dispon\u00edvel em: http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1787\/ctt-2016-en .<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">[3] Cf. RFB. An\u00e1lise da arrecada\u00e7\u00e3o das receitas federais, dezembro\/2017. P. 40. Dispon\u00edvel em: http:\/\/receita.economia.gov.br\/dados\/receitadata\/arrecadacao\/relatorios-do-resultado-da-arrecadacao\/arrecadacao-2017\/dezembro2017\/analise-mensal-dez-2017.pdf.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">[4] Confiram-se os dados do Tesouro Nacional citados no Parecer pela admissibilidade da PEC n. 45\/2019 apresentado na CCJ da C\u00e2mara.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">[5] Idem.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">[6] Confiram-se, dentre outros, os seguintes artigos: SOUZA, Hamilton Dias de. Reforma tribut\u00e1ria: a PEC 45\/19 afronta o pacto federativo. Jota, 03.07.2019. Dispon\u00edvel em https:\/\/www.jota.info\/paywall?redirect_to=\/\/www.jota.info\/opiniao-e-analise\/artigos\/reforma-tributaria-a-pec-45-19-afronta-o-pacto-federativo-03072019; MACIEL, Everardo; SOUZA, Hamilton Dias de; e \u00c1VILA, Humberto; MARTINS, Ives Gandra; HARADA, Kiyoshi e CARRAZZA, Roque. Onerar mais n\u00e3o \u00e9 o caminho O Estado de S. Paulo, 26 julho 2019. Dispon\u00edvel em https:\/\/opiniao.estadao.com.br\/noticias\/espaco-aberto,onerar-mais-nao-e-o-caminho,70002939251.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">[7] O Supremo Tribunal Federal reconhece que o Pacto Federativo em vigor inclui a cl\u00e1usula de autonomia dos entes descentralizados, a qual sup\u00f5e reparti\u00e7\u00e3o de compet\u00eancias e receitas de tributos. Tais divis\u00f5es s\u00e3o consideradas pela Corte Suprema \u201cpilares da autonomia dos entes pol\u00edticos\u201d (STF, RE 591.033, min. Ellen Gracie), porque \u201cconsagram a f\u00f3rmula de divis\u00e3o de centros de poder em um Estado de Direito\u201d (STF, ADI 4.228, min. Alexandre de Moraes) e permitem que Estados e Munic\u00edpios realizem suas incumb\u00eancias constitucionais. Logo, \u201cn\u00e3o pode emenda constitucional suspend\u00ea-la[s] ou afast\u00e1-la[s], porque, se o fizer, ofender\u00e1 o pacto federativo, enfraquecendo-o, pelo que \u00e9 tendente a aboli-lo\u201d (STF, ADI-MC 926-5, voto do ministro Carlos Velloso, Tribunal Pleno, DJ 6\/5\/94).<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">[8] Cf. Banco Mundial. Doing business in Brazil. Dispon\u00edvel em https:\/\/portugues.doingbusiness.org\/pt\/data\/exploreeconomies\/brazil#DB_tax<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">[9] Cf. artigo 24 da Constitui\u00e7\u00e3o Federal.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong>FONTE: Conjur &#8211; Por Hamilton Dias de Souza, Humberto \u00c1vila, Ives Gandra da Silva Martins e Roque Ant\u00f4nio Carrazza<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Tanto a C\u00e2mara quanto o Senado t\u00eam se debru\u00e7ado sobre [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"footnotes":"","_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","enabled":false}}},"categories":[2],"tags":[],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/paFpWR-1oB","_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/bonettiassociados.com.br\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5369"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/bonettiassociados.com.br\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/bonettiassociados.com.br\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/bonettiassociados.com.br\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/bonettiassociados.com.br\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5369"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"http:\/\/bonettiassociados.com.br\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5369\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5371,"href":"http:\/\/bonettiassociados.com.br\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5369\/revisions\/5371"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/bonettiassociados.com.br\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5369"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/bonettiassociados.com.br\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5369"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/bonettiassociados.com.br\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5369"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}